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A Survey of ML Techniques in Adversarial Image Forensics

A Survey of ML Techniques in Adversarial Image Forensics

Image forensics plays a crucial role in both criminal investigations (e.g., dissemination of fake images to spread racial hate or false narratives about specific ethnicity groups) and civil litigation (e.g., defamation). Increasingly, machine learning approaches are also utilized in image forensics. However, there are also a number of limitations and vulnerabilities associated with machine learning-based approaches, for example how to detect adversarial (image) examples, with real-world consequences (e.g., inadmissible evidence, or wrongful conviction). Therefore, with a focus on image forensics, this paper surveys techniques that can be used to enhance the robustness of machine learning-based binary manipulation detectors in various adversarial scenarios.

  • Researchers
    Ehsan Nowroozi
  • Partners
    Ali Dehghantanhab, Reza M. Parizic, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

A number of literature surveys and reviews on the applications of ML-techniques in image forensics has been published in the literature and in image forensics, although adversarial image forensics is generally not discussed. Amodei et al., for example, reviewed the general security concerns in artificial intelligence, particularly reinforcement learning and supervised learning algorithms. A general review of security implications on the use of ML approaches and their countermeasures was presented in [8, 10]. Akhtar et al. focused on adversarial attacks on deep learning approaches in computer vision. However, there have been limited studies focusing on ML-security issues in (adversarial) image forensics, a gap we seek to address in this paper. Specifically, in this paper we survey existing ML techniques for image forensics, including those that can be utilized in the adversarial setting (e.g., image manipulation), and CF. In the survey, we also reviewed the various approaches that can be used to enhance the security of binary manipulation detectors based on ML and defensive techniques during the testing stage. Figure 1 shows a graphical abstract concerning the application of machine learning techniques in adversarial image forensics.